- 1346 Charles IV of Luxembourg is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
- 1347 Heir to the Bohemian throne elected German anti-king Charles IV
- 1405 Chinese fleet commander Zheng He sets sail to the Spice Islands on his first major expedition, leading 208 vessels, including 62 treasure ships with 27,800 sailors
- 1423 Arnold van Egmont becomes Duke of Gelre
- 1476 Giuliano della Rovere is appointed bishop of Coutances
- 1525 Trial against “heretic” John Pistorius at The Hague
- 1536 The Convocation of the Clergy subscribes to the Ten Articles, beliefs of the English Church under Henry VIII
- 1576 English explorer Martin Frobisher sights Greenland
- 1588 French King Henri III accepts the demands of the Catholic League
- 1635 Armies of Savoy, Mantua, and Parma occupy Milan
- 1656 The first Quakers to land in Boston, Englishwomen Ann Austin and Mary Fisher, are arrested and jailed by the Puritan colonial government. After 5 weeks of imprisonment, they are deported back to Barbados.
- 1660 City of Vilnius is recaptured from its occupying Muscovite force by the army of the Grand Duchy led by Michał Kazimierz Pac [1]
Euclid’s Parallel Postulate
1663 Oxford mathematician John Wallis gives a lecture on Euclid’s parallel postulate, first Western attempt to derive the parallel postulate as a theorem
- 1673 Netherlands and Denmark sign a defense treaty
- 1708 Battle of Oudenaarde, Spanish Netherlands: Grand Alliance beats France
- 1735 Mathematical calculations suggest that on this day, Pluto moved from the ninth to the eighth most distant “planet” from the Sun for the last time before 1979
- 1740 Jews are expelled from Little Russia by order of Tsarina Anne
- 1781 Thomas Hutchins is designated Geographer of the US
- 1792 Prussian army moves into French territory
US Marine Corps Established
1798 US Marine Corps formally established as a distinct military branch by an Act of Congress signed by President John Adams
- 1801 French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons discovers his first comet
Avogadro’s Law
1811 Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoir on the molecular content of gases
- 1812 US invades Canada (Detroit frontier)
In the Cottage Where Burns is Born
1818 English poet John Keats writes “In the Cottage Where Burns is Born,” “Lines Written in the Highlands,” and “Gadfly”
- 1848 Edmund Hickly achieves the first known 10-wicket innings (Kent vs. England)
- 1848 London’s Waterloo Station opens
- 1859 Big Ben’s second and current bell first chimes inside the Clock Tower [1]
- 1861 Battle of Laurel Mountain, Virginia – General Morris forces retreat of rebels
- 1861 Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia – Rosecrans forces rebels to surrender
Halleck Heads Union Forces
1862 Abraham Lincoln appoints General Henry Halleck general-in-chief of Union forces in US Civil war
- 1863 Battle of Green River, Kentucky (Morgan’s Ohio Raid)
- 1863 Japanese battle cruiser shoots at Dutch warship Medusa, killing four
- 1863 US military holds first draft lottery in New York City; exemptions are offered at cost of $300, a fee only the wealthy could afford
- 1864 Confederate forces led by General Jubal Early begin invasion of Washington, D.C. with the Battle of Fort Stevens
- 1877 Kate Edger becomes New Zealand’s first woman graduate and first woman in the British Empire to earn a Bachelor of Arts
- 1882 British fleet bombards Alexandria, Egypt
- 1888 Pennsylvania’s Monongahela River rises 32 feet (9.7 meters) after 24 hours of rainfall
- 1889 Tijuana in Mexico becomes a city
Incandescent Lamp Controversy
1892 US Patent Office says Joseph Swan rather than Thomas Edison invented the electric light carbon for the incandescent lamp
- 1900 Boer General De la Rey captures Scots Greys and Lincolns
1st Individual Female Olympic Champion
1900 Charlotte Cooper beats Hélène Prévost to become the first female Olympic tennis champion and the first individual female Olympic champion in any sport
Lord Salisbury Resigns
1902 British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury resigns from his third term in office due to ill health
Niagara Movement
1905 Black intellectuals and activists led by W.E.B. Du Bois organize the civil rights Niagara Movement
Murder of Grace Brown
1906 Factory worker Grace Brown is murdered by her boyfriend Chester Gillette at Big Moose Lake, New York, later a celebrated case that inspires Theodore Dreiser‘s novel “An American Tragedy”
- 1915 German cruiser Königsberg sinks off Dar-es-Salam
- 1916 Battle of Verdun: Germany launches an offensive on Fort Souville in France but is defeated by artillery and machine gunners
- 1916 US Congress passes Federal Aid Road Act
- 1919 Dutch Second Chamber approves 8-hour workday and no Sunday work
- 1920 East and West Prussia vote in a plebiscite to become part of Germany, though part of West Prussia is handed to Poland to provide a “Polish Corridor”
- 1921 Mongolia gains independence from China (National Day)
- 1922 The Hollywood Bowl opens in Los Angeles
Sports History
1923 Harry Frazee sells the baseball team Red Sox to Ohio businessmen for $1 million
- 1924 Muslim-Hindu rebellion in Delhi, India
- 1931 NY Giants beat Phillies 23-8
Philippe Pétain Heads Vichy Government
1940 Marshall Philippe Pétain, French hero of World War I, becomes head of the Vichy collaborationist government of France
Goering Counterattacks
1943 Counterattack by Hermann Goering‘s armored division in Sicily, Italy
- 1943 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
- 1943 Seventh day of Battle of Kursk, USSR: Operation Citadel continues
- 1943 US 45th Division occupies airport Comiso Sicily
- 1943 US 82nd Airborne division shot at by “friendly fire” in Sicily
- 1944 Franklin Roosevelt announces that he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States
- 1946 Kingman Douglass ends term as deputy director of CIA
- 1948 First air bombing of Jerusalem
Presidential Convention
1952 General Eisenhower nominated as Republican US presidential candidate
To Kill a Mockingbird
1960 “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee is first published by J. B. Lippincott & Co.
- 1960 Czechoslovakia adopts Constitution
- 1960 Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Upper Volta, and Niger declare independence
- 1960 Moise Tsjombe declares Congolese county Katanga independent
- 1961 Gene Kiniski defeats Verne Gagne in Minneapolis to become NWA champion
- 1962 Brothers Hank and Tommie Aaron hit home runs in the same inning
- 1962 Cosmonaut Nikolayev sets the record for the longest spaceflight at four days
- 1962 First transatlantic TV transmission via satellite (Telstar I)
- 1962 Fred Baldasare is first to swim English Channel underwater (scuba)
- 1962 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Christmas Island
- 1962 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
- 1963 South African ANC members Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni, and Govan Mbeki arrested
- 1966 TV quiz show “The Newlywed Game” hosted by Bob Eubanks premieres in the US on ABC
Sports History
1968 Start of Colin Cowdrey‘s 100th Test, first person to reach the milestone
Space Oddity
1969 David Bowie releases the single “Space Oddity” 9 days before Apollo 11 lands on the moon
- 1969 Rolling Stones release “Honky Tonk Woman”
- 1971 Chilean parliament nationalizes American copper mines
- 1971 Phillies’ Deron Johnson hits three home runs, completing a streak of four consecutive home runs over two games
- 1971 The Irish Republican Army set off a number of bombs in the center of Belfast, injuring several people
- 1973 Brazilian Boeing 707 crashes near Paris, killing 122
- 1974 US House Judiciary Committee releases evidence on Watergate inquiry
- 1974 World Football League kicks off debut season, with first games played in Orlando, Philadelphia, Chicago, Memphis, and Birmingham
- 1976 First US football club in Austria forms (FAAFC – first Austrian American)
- 1976 France performs nuclear test at Mururoa Atoll
- 1976 In pre-game promo at Atlanta County Stadium, 34 couples wed at home plate followed by Championship Wrestling “Headlocks & Wedlocks”
- 1978 Auto with liquid gas crashes and explodes in Spain, killing 160
- 1979 US Skylab enters atmosphere over Australia and disintegrates
- 1980 American hostage Richard Queen freed by Iran militants due to illness
- 1981 France performs nuclear test at Mururoa Atoll
- 1981 Neva Rockefeller is first woman ordered to pay her husband alimony
- 1982 FIFA World Cup Final, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain: Italy beats West Germany 3-1 in front of 90,000
- 1984 Britain’s MusicBox begins satellite transmission to Europe
- 1984 Lucas Mangope re-elected president of Bophuthatswana
- 1984 US Government mandates that all cars must be equipped with airbags or seatbelts by 1989
Sports History
1985 Astros’ Nolan Ryan becomes the first to strike out 4,000 batters (Mets’ Danny Heep)
- 1985 Refurbished space shuttle Columbia moves overland from Palmdale to Dryden
- 1985 USSR performs nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan
- 1986 Mary Beth Whitehead christens surrogate Baby M, Sara
- 1987 Heart’s “Alone” single goes to #1 for three weeks
- 1987 Orioles’ Cal Ripkin becomes first to manage two sons as Billy joins Cal
- 1989 President Ronald Reagan sportscasts All-Star Game
- 1990 NYC police arrest “Dartman” (stabbed over 50 women with darts)
- 1990 Oka Crisis: First Nations land dispute in Quebec begins between Mohawk people and town of Oka
- 1991 Nigeria Airways DC-8 crashes at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 passengers and crew on board
- 1991 Total solar eclipse is seen in Hawaii
Event of Interest
1992 Presidential candidate Ross Perot, during an NAACP speech, refers to the audience as “you people”
Srebrenica Massacre
1995 More than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys are massacred by Bosnian Serbs after they overrun the UN “safe haven” of Srebrenica on directive of Radovan Karadžić
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
2007 “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,” the fifth film based on the books by J. K. Rowling, is released
- 2007 15th ESPY Awards: LaDainian Tomlinson and Taryne Mowatt win
- 2010 FIFA World Cup Final, Soccer City, Johannesburg, South Africa: Andrés Iniesta scores an extra-time winner as Spain beats the Netherlands, 1-0 for first World Cup title
- 2011 Neptune completes its first orbit since its discovery on September 23, 1846
Steve Nash Traded to the Lakers
2012 Future Basketball Hall of Fame guard Steve Nash is traded by the Phoenix Suns to the Los Angeles Lakers
- 2012 Police academy suicide bombing kills 20 in Sana’a, Yemen
- 2012 S/2012 P 1, the fifth moon of Pluto, is discovered
Orange Is the New Black
2013 “Orange Is the New Black” premieres on Netflix, starring Taylor Schilling, as the first series to be nominated for comedy and drama Emmy awards
- 2013 Thirty people are killed in a wave of bomb and gun attacks across Iraq
- 2014 The UN Security Council calls for a special meeting to discuss the current Israel–Palestinian conflict; Israel continue attacks on Gaza
2015 Mexican drug lord Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzmán escapes from Altiplano maximum-security prison west of Mexico City through a specially constructed 1.5 km tunnel from his cell to a nearby house
- 2018 Oldest stone tools outside Africa are discovered in Lantian County, western China, estimated to be 2.12 million years old and made by hominins
- 2019 Japan’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft lands on the Ryugu asteroid 300 million km (185 million miles) from Earth for a second time to collect samples
- 2019 Last models of Volkswagen’s Beetle car are produced in Puebla, Mexico, ending production worldwide after 80 years
- 2019 US stock markets reach new records, the Dow tops 27,000 points for the first time, and the S&P 500 hits 3,000 points
Branson Flies to the Edge of Space
2021 Billionaire Richard Branson flies to the edge of space on his Virgin Galactic rocket plane in a space tourism test
- 2021 Rare mass anti-government protests across Cuba due to economic hardships and effects of COVID-19 lead to widespread arrests
- 2022 New study suggests dogs can “see” with their noses, the first documentation of a direct connection between the olfactory bulb and occipital lobe in any species [1]
- 2023 Heavy rains in northern India result in 20 deaths, with Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states experiencing landslides and flash floods, closing over 700 roads [1]
- 2023 Scientists select Crawford Lake, Ontario, as the reference location for the beginning of a new interval of geologic time, the human-caused Anthropocene Epoch, starting in the 1950s and ending the Holocene; the proposal is later rejected [1]
- 2024 Cole Escola’s stage comedy “Oh, Mary!” opens at the Lyceum Theatre, NYC
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