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Scientists Discover Massive DNA “Inocles” Living in the Human Mouth

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Doctor Takes Child Saliva Swab DNA Testing
Researchers in Japan have uncovered previously hidden giant DNA elements, called Inocles, living in the human mouth. Credit: Shutterstock

Researchers have found that nearly three-quarters of the population carry newly identified genetic elements called Inocles, which may influence oral health, immunity, and cancer risk.

Researchers at the University of Tokyo and collaborators have uncovered a surprising discovery within the human mouth: Inocles, massive DNA elements that until now had gone unnoticed. These structures appear to be essential for helping bacteria adjust to the ever-changing oral environment. The findings shed new light on how bacteria establish themselves and survive in the mouth, with possible consequences for human health, disease, and microbiome research.

Revisiting the oral microbiome

It might seem as though modern medicine has already mapped every detail of the human body. Yet in the past decade alone, researchers have identified small, previously unrecognized organs, and one field undergoing a revival of discovery is the study of the microbiome.

This includes not only the gut microbiome but also the oral microbiome. Drawing inspiration from recent reports of unusual DNA in soil microbiomes, Project Research Associate Yuya Kiguchi and his team examined a large collection of saliva samples gathered by the Yutaka Suzuki Lab at the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo. They set out to determine whether similar hidden DNA elements could be found in human saliva.

Diagram of Inocle Functions and Human Associations
A schematic describing what Inocles do and where they’re found. It shows the kinds of roles its genes might have, and how those jobs could be connected to things happening in the human body. Credit: 2025 Kiguchi et al. CC-BY-ND

“We know there are a lot of different kinds of bacteria in the oral microbiome, but many of their functions and means of carrying out those functions are still unknown,” said Kiguchi. “By exploring this, we discovered Inocles, an example of extrachromosomal DNA — chunks of DNA that exist in cells, in this case bacteria, but outside their main DNA. It’s like finding a book with extra footnotes stapled to it, and we’re just starting to read them to find out what they do.”

Advanced sequencing breakthrough

Identifying Inocles proved challenging because standard sequencing methods break genetic material into fragments, making it impossible to piece together large elements. To address this, the researchers used advanced long-read sequencing technology capable of capturing extended stretches of DNA.

A major step forward came from co-first author Nagisa Hamamoto, who created a technique called preNuc that selectively removes human DNA from saliva samples, greatly enhancing the accuracy of sequencing long fragments of other DNA. With this approach, the team was able to assemble complete Inocle genomes for the first time, discovering that they are hosted by the bacterium Streptococcus salivarius, although determining the host itself was a complex task.

“The average genome size of Inocle is 350 kilobase pairs, a measure of length for genetic sequences, so it is one of the largest extrachromosomal genetic elements in the human microbiome. Plasmids, other forms of extrachromosomal DNA, are at most a few tens of kilobase pairs,” said Kiguchi. “This long length endows Inocles with genes for various functions, including resistance to oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, and cell wall-related genes, possibly involved in adapting to extracellular stress response.”

Future research directions

The team aims to develop stable methods for culturing Inocle containing bacteria. This will allow them to investigate how Inocles function, whether they can spread between individuals, and how they might influence oral health conditions such as cavities and gum disease. Since many Inocle genes remain uncharacterized, researchers will use a mixture of laboratory experiments and also computational simulations, such as AlphaFold, to predict and model the roles Inocles may play.

“What’s remarkable is that, given the range of the human population the saliva samples represent, we think 74% of all human beings may possess Inocles. And even though the oral microbiome has long been studied, Inocles remained hidden all this time because of technological limitations,” said Kiguchi. “Now that we know they exist, we can begin to explore how they shape the relationship between humans, their resident microbes, and our oral health. And there’s even some hints that Inocles might serve as markers for serious diseases like cancer.”

Reference: “Giant extrachromosomal element “Inocle” potentially expands the adaptive capacity of the human oral microbiome” by Yuya Kiguchi, Nagisa Hamamoto, Yukie Kashima, Lucky R. Runtuwene, Aya Ishizaka, Yuta Kuze, Tomohiro Enokida, Nobukazu Tanaka, Makoto Tahara, Shun-Ichiro Kageyama, Takao Fujisawa, Riu Yamashita, Akinori Kanai, Josef S. B. Tuda, Taketoshi Mizutani and Yutaka Suzuki, 11 August 2025, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-62406-5

This study was supported by grants from the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka (Y-2022-1-010), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (22fk0108538s0201), and the JSPS KAKENHI (24K18092) to Y.Kiguchi, a grant from the JSPS KAKENHI (22K15833) to T.E., and a grant from the Platform for Advanced Genome Science (22H04925) to Y.S.

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‘The First King of England’ by David Woodman review

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Tucked into a corner of the north aisle of Malmesbury Abbey is the tomb of the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelstan. Installed some five centuries after the king’s death, the tomb is a fine, if unremarkable, example of 14th-century funerary sculpture featuring a generic royal effigy atop an unadorned chest. Yet all is not as it seems. The tomb is – and perhaps always has been – empty. It was designed as an object of veneration, a way of creating an image of the king and calling it memory, in the hope of establishing a new royal cult. Æthelstan himself is nowhere to be found.

The paradoxical quality of Æthelstan’s tomb captures the challenges confronting his would-be biographers. His significance as a historical figure is undeniable: his conquest of Northumbria and the submission of the kings of Wales, Scotland, and Strathclyde made him both the first king of a unified England, and, in his own words, ‘king of the whole of Britain’; his victory at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 was among the most significant English military successes of the pre-Conquest period; and his patronage of the Church laid the foundation for the ecclesiastical reform movement of the mid-tenth century. Nonetheless, as David Woodman writes in his splendid new biography, ‘working from the patchy, jaundiced, and stereotypical nature of the surviving sources, it is notoriously difficult to know anything about Æthelstan the man’. We know Æthelstan as a reputation, but not as a person. No contemporary life of Æthelstan survives and we have only scattered details regarding his childhood, the conditions under which he acceded to the throne, his manner of rule, and the circumstances of his death and burial. The few scraps we do know of his life derive primarily from the works of William of Malmesbury, writing nearly 200 years later. Even such basic matters as the chronology of his reign remain subject to controversy. A conventional narrative biography would be impossible.

These difficulties make Woodman’s achievement all the more impressive. By hewing rigorously to his sources and carefully weighing his evidence, Woodman takes his readers as close as possible to a ruler who was arguably even more important than his grandfather, Alfred, to the formation of the English state. Woodman wisely eschews a traditional chronological account in favour of a series of thematic chapters on such topics as Æthelstan’s establishment of an English kingdom, his development of a centralised royal bureaucracy, his relations with the Church, and his European reputation, among others. Readers encountering Æthelstan for the first time will be grateful for Woodman’s lucid and compelling prose as well as his authoritative presentation of what would be, in a lesser scholar’s hands, a bewildering mess of charters, annals, laws, and ecclesiastical records. More expert readers will appreciate his judicious weighing of the evidence for Æthelstan’s reign as well as his insightful discussion of problems such as the identity of the anonymous court scribe ‘Æthelstan A’ and the question of the king’s unnamed half-sister, an enigmatic figure referred to only obliquely in the records of his reign.

The basic facts of Æthelstan’s life are these: according to the 12th-century William of Malmesbury, Æthelstan acceded to the throne of Wessex in 924 at the age of 30, suggesting he may have been born c.894. However, as the source of William’s information is unknown, it is impossible to judge its reliability. Æthelstan was the son of future king Edward the Elder (himself the son of Alfred the Great) and his first wife Ecgwynn, whose background is unknown. Various sources suggest that she was of humble birth and perhaps Edward’s concubine rather than his wife, though these stories may simply have been the inventions of Æthelstan’s political rivals. He spent at least part of his childhood at the court of his aunt, Æthelflæd, ‘Lady of the Mercians’, and her husband Æthelred. On Edward’s death, Æthelstan moved swiftly to secure his position as king and thwart the ambitions of his younger half-brothers, sons of Edward’s second wife Ælflæd. Both brothers would later die under suspicious circumstances, though in the absence of reliable sources, what looks sinister to modern eyes may just have been common matters of illness and bad luck.

Over the first three years of his reign, Æthelstan consolidated his rule over the formerly independent kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia, and East Anglia, though the regions north of the Humber remained just beyond his grasp. In 926 Æthelstan arranged the marriage of an unnamed and otherwise unattested sister to Sihtric, king of Northumbria, who died just a year later. Æthelstan quickly led his army north to displace Sihtric’s successor Guthfrith, thereby bringing the north under his control. On 12 July 927 the rulers of Britain’s remaining kingdoms recognised his overlordship, effectively making him the first king of a united England. In the years following, he consolidated his authority through the issuance of legislation on such issues as the maintenance of public order and the care of the poor, the distribution of land, and a vigorous campaign against theft and other forms of lawbreaking. In 937 he defeated a combined Irish-Scandinavian army at Brunanburh, the precise location of which is unknown. The scale of the battle and Æthelstan’s overwhelming victory secured his reputation as a military leader, though the actual significance of the engagement remains a matter of dispute. Æthelstan died two years later of unknown causes and was – again, for reasons that can only be guessed at – buried at Malmesbury.

Woodman’s accomplishment lies in his ability to situate these crumbs within a broader context to produce a persuasive account of the ruler with the greatest claim to be the first true king of England. His biography not only documents a crucial moment in English political history, but it also illustrates the complexity of early medieval state-formation. This volume is no mere empty tomb, but a vital portrait of tenth-century kingship in action.

  • The First King of England: Æthelstan and the Birth of a Kingdom
    David Woodman
    Princeton University Press, 344pp, £30
    Buy from bookshop.org (affiliate link)

Andrew Rabin is Professor of English at the University of Louisville.



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Cigar Galaxy Blazes With Star Births at 10x the Milky Way’s Pace

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Messier 82 (M82) Cigar Galaxy
The Cigar Galaxy forms stars at a blistering rate, giving rise to colossal super clusters. Hubble’s rare high-resolution data captures this galactic spectacle with unprecedented clarity. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, W. D. Vacca

Messier 82 blazes with star-forming power, producing superclusters that outshine ordinary ones. Thanks to Hubble and Webb, we can now see its turbulent beauty in extraordinary detail, including rare views from Hubble’s High Resolution Channel.

Star-Powered Heart of the Cigar Galaxy

What lies hidden within the thick, dusty clouds of this neighboring galaxy? At its center is the energetic core of Messier 82 (M82), more commonly known as the Cigar Galaxy. Situated about 12 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Ursa Major (The Great Bear), it ranks among the closest galaxies to us. In this featured Hubble Space Telescope image, intricate details reveal brilliant stars shining through sculpted clouds, clumps, and streams of dust and gas.

The Cigar Galaxy is densely packed with stars, many of which are concealed by the striking clouds captured in the image. This galaxy produces new stars at a rate 10 times greater than the Milky Way, earning it the classification of a starburst galaxy. The ongoing burst of star formation has created enormous super star clusters concentrated in its central region. Each of these clusters contains hundreds of thousands of stars and shines far brighter than typical star groups. Using Hubble’s powerful imaging capabilities, astronomers have examined these colossal clusters closely to study how they emerge and change over time.

Messier 82 (M82) Cigar Galaxy Heart
On the left is an image of the galaxy M82, showing its blue disc from the side, with plumes of red gas erupting from the top and bottom. A small box in the galaxy’s center is pulled out to a second image on the right. This close-in view of the center shows thick clumps of gas and dust obscuring the brilliant bluish light from newly forming star clusters. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI), W. D. Vacc

Telescopes Turn Toward M82

Hubble’s views of the Cigar Galaxy have been featured before, both as a previous Picture of the Week in 2012 and as an image released in celebration of Hubble’s 16th birthday. The James Webb Space Telescope has also turned toward the Cigar Galaxy, producing infrared images in 2024 and earlier this year.

This image features something not seen in previously released Hubble images of the galaxy: data from the High Resolution Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The High Resolution Channel is one of three sub-instruments of ACS, which was installed in 2002. In five years of operation, the High Resolution Channel returned fantastically detailed observations of crowded, starry environments like the centers of starburst galaxies. An electronics fault in 2007, unfortunately, left the High Resolution Channel disabled.

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3rd c. B.C. silver coin hoard found in UAE – The History Blog

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A hoard of silver coins from the 3rd century B.C. stashed tightly in a pottery jar has been discovered at the archaeological site of Mleiha in the United Arab Emirates. The pot contained 409 silver coins of the tetradrachm type, the designs inspired by the coins minted by Alexander the Great and his Seleucid heirs.

The pottery jar was unearthed in 2021. Shaped like a clamshell with one flattened half, it has a small opening at the neck flanked by two pierced tabs where a handle or rope may have been threaded. When archaeologists excavated it, they were surprised at how heavy it was, weighing 9 kg (just shy of 20 lbs). The pot was then opened at the Sharjah Archaeology Authority research laboratory, revealing 387 single-sided coins and 22 two-sided coins weighing between 16 and 17 grams apiece.

The earliest of the coins depict Alexander the Great wearing the Nemean lion skin, trademark of Hercules, on the obverse, and Zeus enthroned with the eagle on his staff on the reverse. The single-sided coins feature Zeus enthroned. The more recent coins chance so that the Greek inscription is replaced by Aramaic inscriptions and local iconography.

Located between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, Mleiha was one of the most important cities in the Arabian Peninsula during the pre-Islamic period. Believed to have been the capital of the Kingdom of Oman, it was a thriving desert farming community sustained by an underground irrigation system known as falaj, and a stop on the trade routes that connected India and the Mediterranean. Merchants carrying spices, textiles and precious metals traveled through Mleiha, and needed identifiable currency that would be accepted no matter where they were. Hence the minting of money inspired by Greek originals.

Similar Hellenistic-style coins have been found at other ancient sites on the Persian Gulf, evidence that the Hellenistic commercial and cultural power extended to the Arabian Peninsula where it was altered and personalized to incorporate local culture. The Mleiha hoard’s transition from imitation to customization is a microcosm of the region’s shift from Greek dominance to the evolution of Arabia as a cultural and economic power player in its own right.

The coins and the pot have been extensively photographed to create 3D models. This is the first coin hoard I’ve seen where every piece can be explored digitally close-up from every angle. It’s interesting to see the progression of 



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Famous Deaths on September 15

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  • 9 Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman viceroy of Syria, suicide at 59
  • 668 Constans II, Emperor of Byzantium (641-668), known as “the Bearded”, assassinated in his bath at 37 (some sources cite July 15) [1]
  • 866 Robert the Strong, Margrave of Neustria
  • 921 Ludmilla, wife of 1st christian Bohemian king Borijov I/saint, dies
  • 928 Louis III, the Blind Proveneaals king of Lombardije/Germany, dies at 48
  • 1231 Louis I, Duke of Bavaria (1183-1231), founded city of Landshut, murdered at 57
  • 1352 Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
  • 1500 John Morton, English Archbishop of Canterbury (1486-1500) (b. c. 1420)
  • 1525 Jan de Bakker [Johannes Pistorius], Roman Catholic priest who was the first preacher in Northern Netherlands to be put to death as a direct result of his Protestant beliefs, burned at the stake at 26
  • 1559 Isabella Jagiełło, Queen consort and regent of Hungary, dies of a long illness at 40
  • 1596 Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (b. 1535 or 1540)
  • 1598 Hidejoshi [Hijoshi], Japanese general strategist and kampaku, dies
  • 1613 Thomas Overbury, English poet (A Wife) and essayist, dies at 32
  • 1643 Richard Boyle, Irish politician, 1st Earl of Cork, dies at 76
  • 1649 John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)
  • 1654 Cornelis Bicker, Dutch merchant, mayor of Amsterdam, dies at 61

  • 1700 André Le Nôtre, French landscape architect (gardens of the Palace of Versailles) and principal gardener of King Louis XIV of France, dies at 87 [1]
  • 1701 Edmé Boursault, French writer (b. 1638)
  • 1707 George Stepney, English poet and diplomat (b. 1663)
  • 1747 Johann Gotthilf Ziegler, German baroque composer and organist, dies at 59
  • 1750 Charles Theodore Pachelbel, German-American composer (son of Johann Pachelbel), one of the first European composers to emigrate to America, dies at 59
  • 1794 Abraham Clark, American patriot and signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies at 68
  • 1803 Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal, dies at 83

British statesman and first railway casualty, dies after being struck by a train at 60

William Huskisson

  • 1835 Sarah Knox Taylor, wife of Jefferson Davis, dies from yellow fever (or malaria) at 21
  • 1840 Franz Pecháček, Austrian-German composer, dies at 47
  • 1841 Alessandro Rolla, Italian violin and viola player and composer, teacher of Niccolò Paganini, dies at 84
  • 1842 Francisco Morazán, 2nd President of The Federal Republic of Central America, dies at 50
  • 1842 Pierre Baillot, French violinist and composer, dies at 70

British engineer (SS Great Britain, Great Western Railway), dies of a stroke at 53

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

  • 1864 John Hanning Speke, British explorer, the first European to reach Lake Victoria in east Africa, dies at 37
  • 1874 Benjamin Robbins Curtis, American attorney and Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, dies at 64
  • 1875 Louise Farrenc (née Dumont), French pianist, composer and only female professor at the Paris Conservatory during the 19th century, dies at 71
  • 1880 William Hauser, American minister and composer, dies at 67
  • 1883 Joseph Plateau, Belgian physicist (Plateau’s Law), dies at 81
  • 1885 Juliusz Zarębski, Polish pianist, composer, and pedagogue, dies of tuberculosis at 31
  • 1885 Jumbo, P. T. Barnum’s circus elephant, dies after being hit by a train
  • 1893 Thomas Hawksley, English civil engineer (Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company; Nottingham Waterworks Company), dies at 86
  • 1895 Jan Kleczyński Sr., Polish pianist and composer, dies at 58
  • 1896 Joseph Robert Davis, American aide-de-camp and nephew to Confederate President Jefferson Davis, dies at 71

Boer leader and general in the South African War (1899–1902), shot and killed by police after refusing to stop at a checkpoint at 66

Koos de la Rey

  • 1916 Isidore Legouix, French composer, dies at 82
  • 1920 Raimundo Madrazo y Garreta, Spanish Realistic painter, dies at 79
  • 1921 Roman von Ungern-Sternberg ‘the mad Baron’, Baltic-German baron and anti-communist Russian general, executed by the Russian Red Army at 35
  • 1923 Sayed Darwish, Egyptian singer-songwriter and “father of Egyptian popular music” (Ana Haweet), dies at 31
  • 1924 Anthony Johnson Showalter, American gospel composer, dies at 66

American Baseball HOF first baseman (World Series 1907, 08; 2 x NL stolen base leader; NL runs leader 1906 Chicago Orphans/Cubs) and manager (Chicago Cubs, NY Yankees, Boston RS), dies at 47

Frank Chance

  • 1925 Leonard Borwick, English concert pianist, dies at 57
  • 1927 Herman Gorter, Dutch socialist and poet (May, Tiny Hero’s Poem), dies at 62
  • 1930 Milton Sills, American actor (The Sea Hawk), dies from a heart attack at 48
  • 1932 Charles H. Gabriel, American gospel composer, dies at 76
  • 1934 David Vaughan Thomas, Welsh musician and composer, dies at 61
  • 1935 Silas K. Hocking, British novelist and Methodist preacher (Her Benny), dies at 85
  • 1937 Clifford Heatherley, English actor (For Love or Money, Cash), dies at 48

Thomas Wolfe

  • 1940 Dick Ket, Dutch painter and cartoonist, dies at 37
  • 1942 Jack Singer, American war reporter, dies aboard USS Wasp
  • 1945 André Tardieu, French politician, Prime Minister of France (1929-30, 1932), dies at 68
  • 1945 Anton von Webern, Austrian composer, dies at 61 after being shot by an American soldier on patrol
  • 1947 Richard Le Gallienne, English writer (had affair with Oscar Wilde, father of actress Eva Le Gallienne), dies at 81
  • 1950 Vojtěch Říhovský, Czech composer, dies at 79
  • 1951 Jacinto Guerrero, Spanish musician and composer, dies at 56
  • 1953 Jacques Thibaud, French violinist, dies at 72
  • 1956 Henry Clough-Leiter, American organist, choirmaster, and composer (Pensive Monody; The Christ of the Andes), dies at 82
  • 1958 (George) “Snuffy” Stirnweiss, American MLB baseball second baseman, 1943-52, 2X All-Star. AL Batting Title, 3X World Series (New York Yankees and 2 other teams), dies in a train wreck in Bayonne, New Jersey at 39
  • 1963 Fred Hillebrand, American actor (Martin Kane, Moon Over Manhattan), dies at 69
  • 1964 Robert Dower, South African cricketer (1 Test South Africa v England 1898, scored 0 & 9), dies at 88
  • 1965 Steve Brown, American jazz musician, dies at 75
  • 1967 Eva McKenzie, American actress (Virtuous Husband), dies at 78
  • 1967 Hans Haug, Swiss classical composer, dies at 67
  • 1972 Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, Icelandic politician and the second President of Iceland (1952-68), dies at 78
  • 1972 Geoffrey Fisher, Baron Fisher of Lambeth, Archbishop of Canterbury (1945-61), dies at 85
  • 1972 Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Turkish pianist, composer – one of “The Turkish Five” (Köçekçe – Dance Rhapsody for Orchestra), and pedagogue, dies from a stroke at 66
  • 1973 Gustav VI Adolf, King of Sweden (1950-73), dies at 90
  • 1973 Victor Jara, Chilean folk singer-songwriter, and political activist, killed by Augusto Pinochet’s military interrogators at 40
  • 1978 Robert Cliche, French Canadian politician and judge (b. 1921)
  • 1978 Willy Messerschmitt, German aircraft builder, dies at 80
  • 1979 Caro van Eyck [Gerarda Taytelbaum], Dutch actress (De stille Kracht, Medea), dies at 63
  • 1979 Tommy Leonetti [Tomaso Lionetti], American singer (“Free”), songwriter (“My City of Sydney”), and actor (Gomer Pyle, USMC), dies of cancer at 50
  • 1980 Bill Evans, American jazz pianist (“Peace Piece”; “Waltz For Debbie”), dies of a bleeding ulcer at 51
  • 1981 (Charles) “Chick” Bullock, American jazz and dance band vocalist (Chick Bullock and His Levee Loungers), dies at 82
  • 1981 Rafael Mendez, Mexican trumpet virtuoso, dies of a heart attack at 75
  • 1981 Sara Haden, American actress (A Family Affair), dies at 83
  • 1982 Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, Iran’s former foreign minister, executed in Iran
  • 1983 Johnny Hartman, American jazz ballad singer (John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman – “My One And Only Love”), dies of lung cancer at 60
  • 1983 LeRoy Prinz, choreographer, dies at 88
  • 1983 Prince Far I [Michael Williams], Jamaican reggae deejay, producer and Rastafarian, killed during a robberya t his home at 38-ish
  • 1983 Willie Bobo [Correa], American jazz percussionist (“Evil Ways”), dies of cancer at 49
  • 1984 Jack Ikin, English cricketer (England opener 1946-55), dies at 66
  • 1985 (Charles) “Cootie” Williams, American jazz, jump-blues, and R&B trumpeter (Duke Ellington Orchestra, 1929-40 & 1962-74), dies of kidney problems at 74
  • 1986 Virginia Gregg, American radio and screen actress, singer and double bassist, dies of lung cancer at 70
  • 1987 Jacoba Tadema Sporry, Dutch author (The Story of Egypt), dies at 75
  • 1987 Steven Tuomi, murder victim of Jeffery Dahmer (b. 1963)
  • 1989 Harry Cave, New Zealand cricketer (New Zealand captain 1955-56), dies at 66
  • 1989 Jan DeGaetani, American contemporary classical concert mezzo-soprano, dies of leukemia at 56
  • 1989 Robert Penn Warren, American poet and novelist (All the King’s Men, Pulitzer 1946), dies at 84
  • 1990 Valentin Ignatyevich Filatyev, Soviet-Russian ‘lost’ cosmonaut who was dismissed for disciplinary reasons, dies at 60
  • 1991 Andre Baruch, Radio/TV announcer dies at 83
  • 1991 John Hoyt [Hoysradt], American stage and screen actor (Mercury theatre; Gimme a Break!; Tom, Dick & Mary), and comedian, dies of lung cancer at 85
  • 1991 Sulkhan Tsintsadze, Georgian composer, dies at 66
  • 1992 Walter B Jones, American politician (Rep-D-NC, 1966-92), dies at 79
  • 1993 (Nii Moi) “Speedy” Acquaye, Ghanaian drummer, percussionist and fire-eater (Tubby Hayes; Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames; Ginger Baker’s Airforce), dies of cancer at 62
  • 1993 Ethan Allen, American baseball center fielder (inventor Cadaco-Ellis board game All Star Baseball; Yale University), dies at 89
  • 1993 Frits Noske, Dutch musicologist (Tie Musikwerk), dies at 72
  • 1993 Herman Meyer, Germanist (Deutsche Dichtung), dies at 82
  • 1994 (Frank) Haywood Henry, American jazz and session baritone saxophone player, dies at 81
  • 1994 Earl George, American composer and pedagogue, dies at 70
  • 1994 Mark Stevens, American actor (Big Town, Martin Kane, Private Eye), dies of cancer at 77
  • 1994 Michael Joyce, Irish stage manager and theatre director, dies at 48
  • 1995 Gunnar Nordahl, Swedish soccer striker (33 caps; AC Milan; Olympic gold 1948), dies at 73
  • 1995 Marguerite Fawdry, English museum curator (started Pollocks Toy Museum), dies at 83
  • 1995 Michio Watanabe, Japanese politician, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1991-93, dies at 72
  • 1995 Sam McCluskie, Scottish politician and trade unionist (leader of the seamens’ union), dies at 63
  • 1996 Brother Eugene Gerard Salois, teacher, dies at 76
  • 1996 George Scheuer, Austrian writer and journalist, dies at 80
  • 1996 Joan Perry [Elizabeth Rosiland Miller], American film actress, model, and singer (Hands of a Stranger), dies at 85
  • 1996 Peter Michael Grayson, British showman, dies at 70
  • 2000 Vincent Canby, American movie critic (NY Times), dies at 76
  • 2001 Fred de Cordova, American film and TV producer (Tonight Show), dies at 90
  • 2003 Garner Ted Armstrong, American television evangelist (The World of Tomorrow), dies of complications of pneumonia at 73
  • 2003 Jack Brymer, British classical clarinetist (Royal Philharmonic; BBC Symphony; London Symphony), and teacher, dies at 88
  • 2003 Josef Hirsal, Czech novelist (b. 1920)

Johnny Ramone

  • 2004 Walter Stewart, Canadian writer and journalist, dies at 73
  • 2005 Sidney Luft, American movie director, dies at 89
  • 2006 Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and writer, dies at 77
  • 2006 Pablo Santos, Mexican actor (b. 1987)
  • 2006 Raymond Baxter, British television presenter (b. 1922)
  • 2007 Aldemaro Romero, Venezuelan pianist, composer, arranger, and orchestral conductor, dies at 79
  • 2007 Brett Somers [Audrey Johnston], Canadian-American actress (The Odd Couple – “Blanche Madison”), and TV personality (Match Game), dies of cancer at 83
  • 2007 Colin McRae, Scottish rally driver (World Rally Championship 1995), dies following a helicopter crash at 39
  • 2007 Gordon “Specs” Powell, American jazz and studio drummer and percussionist (Red Norvo; Teddy Wilson; CBS Orchestra, 1943-72), dies of kidney disease at 85
  • 2008 Richard Wright, British progressive rock keyboardist, arranger, composer, and occasional vocalist (Pink Floyd – “Time”; “Echoes”; “The Art Of Conversation”), dies of cancer at 65
  • 2010 Arrow [Alphonsus Cassell], Montserratian soca singer-songwriter (“Hot, Hot, Hot”), dies of cerebral cancer at 60
  • 2010 Guido Turchi, Italian composer (Invettiva), dies at 93
  • 2011 Frances Bay, Canadian-American character actress (Twin Peaks – “Mrs. Tremond”), dies of pneumonia at 92
  • 2012 George Hurst, British conductor (BBC Northern Orchestra. 1958-68; Bournemouth Sinfonietta. 1968-74), and educator, dies at 86
  • 2012 James “Sugar Boy” Crawford, American R&B singer, pianist, and songwriter (“Jock-A-Mo” aka “Iko Iko”), dies at 77
  • 2013 Frances Bairstow, American labor relations arbitrator, dies at 93
  • 2013 Jackie Lomax, British singer-songwriter (Is This What You Want?; Sour Milk Sea)), dies at 69
  • 2014 Nicholas Romanov, French-born pretender to the Russian throne, dies at 91
  • 2016 Rose Mofford, American politician, 1st female Governor of Arizona (1988-1991), dies at 94

Harry Dean Stanton

  • 2018 Dudley Sutton, British stage and screen actor (Leather Boys; Brimstone & Treacle; Lovejoy – “Tinker Dill”), dies of cancer at 85
  • 2018 Jeff Lowe, American mountain climber (co-founder Lowe Alpine), dies of pneumonia at 67
  • 2019 Leah Bracknell, British actress (Zoe Tate in “Emmerdale”), dies of cancer at 55
  • 2019 Mike Stefanik, American auto racer (9 NASCAR Modified Championships), dies in a plane crash at 61
  • 2019 Phyllis Newman, American Tony Award-winning actress (Subways Are for Sleeping: Coming of Age), and singer, dies of lung disease at 86
  • 2019 Ric Ocasek [Otcasek], American rock singer-songwriter (The Cars – “Best Friend’s Girl”; “Shake It Up”; “You Are The Girl”), found dead at 75
  • 2020 Caroline Kaart (neé Raitt), Scottish-Dutch alto singer, TV and radio presenter, dies at 88
  • 2020 Jan Krenz, Polish conductor and composer, dies at 94 [1]
  • 2020 Moussa Traoré, Mali soldier, politician and dictator, President of Mali (1968-91), dies at 83
  • 2020 Paul Mefano, French composer, conductor (Ensemble 2e2m), educator, and new music advocate, dies at 83
  • 2020 Sadashiv Patil, Indian cricket fast bowler (1 Test, 2 wickets; Maharashtra), dies at 86
  • 2020 Wang Zhiliang, Chinese table tennis player and coach (World Table Tennis C’ships gold, doubles 1963), dies from a stroke at 79
  • 2021 Lou Angotti, Canadian ice hockey right wing (Chicago Black Hawks) and coach (St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins), dies at 83
  • 2021 Norman Bailey, British operatic bass-baritone (Flying Dutchman), dies at 88
  • 2022 Eddie Butler, Welsh rugby union #8 (16 caps; Cambridge University RFC, Pontypool RFC), journalist (The Observer Sport, The Guardian) and broadcaster (BBC), dies at 65
  • 2022 John Stearns, American baseball catcher (MLB All Star 1977, 79, 80, 82; New York Mets), dies from prostate cancer at 71
  • 2022 Martin Sinnatt, British army Major-General (Korean War), and administrator (Secretary and CEO of the Kennel Club, 1984-93), dies at 94
  • 2023 Burhan Sargun, Turkish soccer forward (8 caps, 7 goals; Fenerbahçe SK), dies at 94

Fernando Botero

  • 2024 Gheorghe Mulțescu, Romanian soccer midfielder (16 caps; Jiul Petroșani 239 games) and manager (Dinamo București, Samsunspor), dies at 72
  • 2024 Tito Jackson, American singer (Jackson 5 – “ABC”; “Never Can Say Goodbye”), dies of a heart attack at 70

September 15 Highlights

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Famous Birthdays on September 15

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Italian explorer (Il Milione), born in Venice, Venetian Republic

Marco Polo

  • 1505 Maria, Queen of Hungary as wife of Louis II and Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (1531-55), born in Brussels (d. 1558)
  • 1533 Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania, born in Innsbruck or Vienna, Austria (d. 1572)
  • 1563 Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst, Electress of Brandenburg, by marriage, born in Zerbst, Electorate of Saxony (d. 1607)
  • 1572 Erasmus Widmann, German composer, born in Free Imperial City of Schwäbisch Hall, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1634)
  • 1580 Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer, born in Aix-en-Provence, France (d. 1659)
  • 1586 Cristóbal de Isla Diego, Spanish Baroque composer and conductor, baptized in Berlanga de Duero, Spain (d. 1651)
  • 1613 François VI, duc de La Rochefoucauld, French writer of maxims and memoirs, born in Paris, Kingdom of France (d. 1680)
  • 1649 Titus Oates, English minister and plotter, born in Oakham, Rutland, England (d. 1705)
  • 1666 Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle, repudiated wife of future King George I of Great Britain, and mother of George II, born in Celle, Germany (d. 1726)
  • 1685 Gottfried Kirchhoff, German organist and composer, chiefly of sacred music, born in Mühlbeck, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1746)
  • 1690 Ignazio Prota, Italian composer, born in Naples, Kingdom of Naples, Spanish Empire (d. 1748)
  • 1736 Jean-Sylvain Bailly, French astronomer noted for his computation of an orbit for Halley’s Comet (1759) and author of History of Ancient Astronomy from Its Origin to the Establishment of the School of Alexandria, born in Paris (d. 1793)
  • 1744 Georg Ritschel, German composer, born in Mannheim, Electorate of the Palatinate, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1805)
  • 1760 Bogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzien, Prussian general of the Napoleonic Wars, born in Potsdam, Brandenburg (d. 1824)
  • 1764 Friedrich Heine, German composer, born in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1821)
  • 1764 Paolo Francesco Parenti, Italian composer, born in Naples, Kingdom of Naples (d. 1821)

1st major American novelist (The Last of the Mohicans), born in Burlington, New Jersey

James Fenimore Cooper

  • 1808 Louis Clapisson, French composer and violinist, born in Naples, Kingdom of Naples (d. 1866)
  • 1811 Jan Nepomuk Škroup, Czech composer, born in Osice, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire (d. 1892)
  • 1811 Willem Josephus van Zeggelen, Dutch author, born in The Hague, Netherlands (d. 1879)
  • 1816 Edward Wolff, Polish pianist and composer, born in Warsaw, Poland (d. 1880)
  • 1828 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov, Russian chemist who discovered hexamine in 1859, born in Chistopol, Kazan Governorate, Russian Empire (d. 1886)

Mexican military man, politician, and dictator (President of Mexico, 1877-1911), born in Oaxaca, Mexico

Porfirio Díaz

  • 1834 Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian and political writer, born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony (d. 1896)
  • 1837 Leo van Gheluwe, Belgian composer, born in Wannegem-Lede, East Flanders (d. 1914)
  • 1843 Maurice, Prince of the Netherlands, son of King William III, born in Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands (d. 1850)
  • 1851 Josif Marinković, Serbian composer, and choral director, born in Vranjevo, Novi Bečej, Austrian Empire (d. 1931)
  • 1852 Edward Bouchet, American physicist, 1st African American to receive US Ph.D, born in New Haven, Connecticut (d. 1918)
  • 1852 Jan Matzeliger, Surinamese-Dutch-American inventor (shoe lasting machine), born in Paramaribo, Dutch Guyana (now Suriname) (d. 1889)

27th US President (Republican: 1909-13) and Chief Justice, born in Cincinnati, Ohio

William Howard Taft

  • 1858 Charles Eugène, vicomte de Foucauld, French explorer and a hermit, born in Strasbourg, French Empire (d. 1916)
  • 1858 Jenő Hubay [Huber], Hungarian violinist, composer, and educator (Budapest Conservatory, 1886-1934), born in Pest, Hungary (d. 1937)
  • 1860 M. Visvesvaraya, Indian civil engineer and statesman (19th Diwan of the Mysore Kingdom), born in Muddenahalli, Chikkaballapura, Kingdom of Mysore, born in (d. 1962)
  • 1863 Horatio Parker, American organist and composer, born in Auburndale, Massachusetts (d. 1919)
  • 1865 Henri Capitant, French lawyer (Loi Falcidie), born in Grenoble, France (d. 1937)
  • 1865 Nicolaus Adriani, Dutch linguist (Middle-Celebes languages), born in Oud-Loosdrecht, North Holland, Netherlands (d. 1926)
  • 1868 Dirk Berend Nanninga, Dutch painter, born in Arnhem, Netherlands (d. 1954)
  • 1876 Bruno Walter, German-French opera and symphony conductor (Vienna Philharmonic; NY Philharmonic), born in Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire (d. 1962)
  • 1876 Frank Gannett, American newspaper publisher (Gannett), born in Rochester, New York (d. 1957)
  • 1876 Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Indian Bengali novelist (Devdas), born in Debanandapur, Hooghly district, Bengal Presidency, India (d. 1938)
  • 1877 Jakob Ehrlich, Austrian politician and Zionist, born in Bystřice pod Hostýnem, Czech Republic (d. 1938)
  • 1877 Max Factor, Polish-American make-up artist, inventor and founder of cosmetics manufacturer Max Factor & Company, born in Zduńska Wola, Poland, Russian Empire (d. 1938)
  • 1879 Alec Ross, Scottish golfer (US Open 1907), born in Dornoch, Scotland (d. 1952)
  • 1879 Joseph Lyons, 10th Prime Minister of Australia (1932-39), born in Stanley, Tasmania (d. 1939)

Italian-French automobile designer and manufacturer (Automobiles E. Bugatti), born in Milan, Italy

Ettore Bugatti

  • 1883 Esteban Terradas i Illa, Spanish mathematician, scientist and engineer, born in Barcelona (d. 1950)
  • 1884 Floro Ugarte, Argentine composer (From My Land; Saika), and educator, born in Buenos Aires, Argentina (d. 1975)
  • 1887 Carlos Dávila, President of Government Junta of Chile (1932), born in Los Ángeles, Chile (d. 1955)
  • 1888 Antonio Ascari, Italian auto racer (winner 4 x F1 Grand Prix), born in Bonferraro Di Sorgà, Italy (d. 1925)
  • 1889 Robert Benchley, American humorist (My 10 Years in a Quandary), born in Worcester, Massachusetts (d. 1945)

English crime writer (Murder on the Orient Express, Mousetrap), born in Torquay, Devon

Agatha Christie

  • 1890 Claude McKaye, Jamaican-American author (Songs of Jamaica, Banjo), born in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica (d. 1948)
  • 1890 Frank Martin, Swiss composer (In Terra Fax), born in Geneva, Switzerland (d. 1974)
  • 1892 Silpa Bhirasri [Corrado Feroci], Italian-Thai sculptor, born in Florence, Italy (d. 1962)
  • 1894 Jean Renoir, French film director (Madame Bovary, Nana, Grand Illusion) and actor (Rules of the Game), born in Paris, France (d. 1979)
  • 1894 Oskar Klein, Swedish theoretical physicist known for Kaluza–Klein theory, born in Mörby, Sweden (d. 1977)
  • 1895 Magda Lupescu, Romanian mistress then consort of King Carol II of Romania, born in Iași, Romania (d. 1977) date of birth disputed
  • 1898 J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet, writer and ship’s doctor (El Dorado), born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands (d. 1936)
  • 1899 Milton S. Eisenhower, American University President (Pennsylvania State) and brother of Dwight, born in Abilene, Kansas (d. 1985)
  • 1901 Donald Bailey, British civil engineer, invented the Bailey bridge, born in Rotherham, England (d. 1985)
  • 1903 Roy Acuff, American country fiddler, singer (“Wabash Cannonball”; Grand Ole Opry), and music publisher (Acuff-Rose Music), born in Maynardville, Tennessee (d. 1992)
  • 1903 Syed Wazir Ali, Indian cricket batsman (7 Tests; Southern Punjab; Muslims), born in Jalandhar, India (d. 1950)
  • 1904 Philip Lee, Australian cricket all-rounder (2 Tests, 5 wickets; South Australia), born in Gladstone, Australia (d. 1980)
  • 1904 Tom Conway, Russian actor (Mark Saber, Betty Hutton Show), born in St Petersburg, Russian Empire (d. 1967)
  • 1904 Umberto II, of Italy, the last King of Italy (ruled for 24 days in 1946), born in the Castle of Racconigi in Piedmont, Italy (d. 1983)
  • 1906 Kathryn Murray (née Kohnfelder), American dancer (Arthur Murray Dance Party), born in Jersey City, New Jersey (d. 1999)

Canadian American actress (King Kong), born in Alberta, Canada

Fay Wray

  • 1907 Jack Bailey, American TV host (Queen for a Day), born in Hampton, Iowa (d. 1980)
  • 1908 Gerd Gaiser, German writer (Ship in the Mountain), born in Oberriexingen, Germany (d. 1976)
  • 1908 Penny Singleton, American actress (Blondie) and voice actress (Jane-Jetsons), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 2003)
  • 1909 C. N. Annadurai, Indian politician and 1st Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, born in Kancheepuram, Madras, British India (d. 1969)
  • 1909 Carlos Estrada, Uruguayan composer and conductor, born in Montevideo, Uruguay (d. 1970)

New Zealand aviator (first-ever solo flight from England to New Zealand in 1936), born in Rotorua, New Zealand

Jean Batten

  • 1909 Phil Arnold, American actor (Errand Boy, Stud Lonigan, Damn Yankees), born in Hackensack, New Jersey (d. 1968)
  • 1910 George Kilpatrick, Canadian-British bible scholar (University of Oxford), born in Coal Creek, British Columbia (d. 1989)
  • 1910 Richard Baerlein, British horse racing journalist (Evening Standard 1947-57, Observer 1963-95, Guardian 1968-95), and author, born in England (d. 1995)
  • 1911 Karsten Solheim, American golf entrepreneur (PING, Solheim Cup), born in Bergen, Norway (d. 2000)
  • 1911 Luther Terry, 9th Surgeon General of the United States (1961-65) warned against smoking, born in Red Level, Alabama (d. 1985)
  • 1911 Silas Hogan, American blues singer and guitarist, born in Westover, Louisiana (d. 1994)
  • 1912 Gisela Hernández [Gonzalo], Cuban composer (Diálogo), and music educator, born in Cardenas, Cuba (d. 1971)
  • 1912 Ismail Yasseen, Egyptian comedian and actor (Isamil Yassine as Tarzan, Ibn Hamidu), born in Suez, Egypt (d. 1972)
  • 1913 Hans Filbinger, German politician (CDU), born in Mannheim, German Empire (d. 2007)
  • 1913 Henry Brant, American composer (Great American Goot), born in Montreal, Quebec (d. 2008)
  • 1913 John Mitchell, American lawyer, political operative (US Attorney General, 1969-72), and convicted perjurer (Watergate Scandal), born in Detroit, Michigan (d. 1988)
  • 1913 Roger “Ram” Ramirez, American jazz pianist and composer, born in San Juan, Puerto Rico (d. 1994)
  • 1914 Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer known for “The Invention of Morel” and collaborator with Borges, born in Buenos Aires (d. 1999)
  • 1914 Creighton Abrams, American general (commander of American forces in the Vietnam War, 1968-72), born in Springfield, Massachusetts (d. 1974)
  • 1914 Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, premier of Denmark (1962-68, 71-72), born in Randers, Denmark (d. 1978)
  • 1915 Helmut Schoen, football coach (manager of West Germany (1964-1978, 1974 World Cup), born in Dresden, German Empire (d. 1996)
  • 1915 John Conte, American actor (The Man with the Golden Arm, Lost in a Harem, Mantovani), born in Palmer, Massachusetts (d. 2006)
  • 1916 Margaret Lockwood, British actress (Cast a Dark Shadow, The Lady Vanishes), born in Karachi, India (d. 1990)
  • 1917 Richard Arnell, English classical composer, born in London, England (d. 2009)
  • 1918 Nipsey Russell, American comedian (Car 54, Where Are You?), born in Atlanta, Georgia (d. 2005)

Italian cyclist (Giro d’Italia 1940, 47, 49, 52-53; Tour de France 1949, 52; World Championship gold Individual pursuit 1947, road race 1953), born in Castellania, Italy

Fausto Coppi

  • 1919 Nelson Gidding, American screenwriter (The Andromeda Strain), born in New York (d. 2004)
  • 1920 Dave Garcia, American baseball manager (California Angels, Cleveland Indians), born in San Diego, California (d. 2018)
  • 1921 Jan Frank Fischer, Czech composer, born in Louny, Czech Republic (d. 2006)
  • 1921 Norma MacMillan, Canadian voice actress (Casper the Ghost), born in Vancouver (d. 2001)
  • 1922 Bob Anderson, English fencer and renowned film fight choreographer (Star Wars, Lord of the Rings), born in Gosport, England (d. 2012)
  • 1922 Jackie Cooper, American actor and director (Skippy, Superman), born in Los Angeles, California (d. 2011)
  • 1923 Anton Heiller, Austrian organist and composer, born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1979)
  • 1923 Arvell Shaw, American jazz double-bassist (Louis Armstrong; Teddy Wilson), born in St. Louis, Missouri (d. 2002)
  • 1923 David Kraehenbuehl, American composer (March of the Trolls), pianist, teacher (Yale), and music theorist (Journal of Music Theory), born in Champaign-Urbana, Illinois (d. 1997)
  • 1924 Bobby Short, American cabaret singer and pianist (Carlisle Hotel), born in Danville, Illinois (d. 2005)
  • 1924 Lucebert [Jacobus Swaanswijk], Dutch poet, painter and cartoonist (Boozz, PC Hooft prize 1967), born in Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 1994)
  • 1925 Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (Alien, E.T.), born in Vigarano Mainarda, Italy (d. 2012)
  • 1925 Forrest Compton, American actor (Gomer Pyle USMC, Edge of Night), born in Reading, Pennsylvania (d. 2020)
  • 1925 Gösta Jonsson, Swedish saxophonist, accordion player and bandleader, born in Kungsholmen, Stockholm, Sweden (d. 1984)
  • 1925 Wally Halder, Canadian ice hockey forward (Olympic gold 1948, tournament top scorer), born in Toronto, Ontario (d. 1994)
  • 1926 Edward Derwinski, American politician (1st Secretary of Veteran Affairs 1989-92; US Representative from Illinois, 1959-83), born in Chicago, Illinois (d. 2012)
  • 1926 Jean-Pierre Serre, French mathematician (Fields Medal, 1954; Wolf Prize, 2000; Abel Prize, 2003), born in Bages, France
  • 1926 Shohei Imamura, Japanese film director, won 2 Palme d’Or awards for “The Ballad of Narayama” and “The Eel”, born in Tokyo, Japan (d. 2006)
  • 1927 David Stove, Australian philosopher who held a competition to find the “worst argument in the world”, born in Moree, New South Wales, (d. 1994)
  • 1927 Norm Crosby, American comedian and “Master of the Malaprop” (Liar’s Club), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2020)
  • 1928 Julian “Cannonball” Adderley, American jazz alto saxophonist and bandleader of the 1950-60s hard bop era (“The Black Messiah”), born in Tampa, Florida (d. 1975)
  • 1928 Rod Robbie, Canadian architect and planner (Roger’s Centre/Sky Dome, Toronto), born in Poole, England (d. 2012)
  • 1929 Eva Burrows, Austrian Salvation Army officer, 13th General of The Salvation Army, born in Newcastle, Australia (d. 2015)
  • 1929 Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist who predicted quarks (1969 Nobel Prize for Physics for theory of elementary particles), born in Manhattan, New York (d. 2019)
  • 1930 Patsy O. Sherman, American chemist and co-inventor of Scotchgard, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota (d. 2008) [1]
  • 1933 Henry Darrow [Enrique Delgado], American stage and screen character actor (The High Chaparral; Harry O; The New Dick Van Dyke Show), born in New York City (d. 2021)
  • 1933 Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor, born in Burgos, Spain (d. 2014)
  • 1934 Fred Nile, Australian politician and minister, born in Sydney, Australia
  • 1935 Bill Pinkney, American National Sailing HOF yachtsman (first African American to sail around the world solo via Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn), born in Chicago, Illinois (d. 2023)

Australian tennis player (Australian C’ships 1957-58, Wimbledon, US C’ships 1958), born in Melbourne, Victoria

Ashley Cooper

  • 1937 Edna Adan Ismail, Somali activist and the first qualified-nurse midwife in Somaliland, born in Hargeisa, British Somaliland
  • 1937 Fernando de la Rúa, Argentine politician, 51st President of Argentina (1999-2001), born in Argentina (d. 2019)
  • 1937 Jacques d’Ancona, Dutch journalist, theatre critic, and TV personality (Sound-Mix Show), born in Groningen, Netherlands (d. 2024)
  • 1937 Les Braid, British bassist (Swinging Blue Jeans – “Hippie-Hippie Shake”), born in West Derby, Liverpool, England (d. 2005)
  • 1937 Robert Lucas, Jr., American economist (Nobel Prize for Economics – 1995, for rational expectations theory), born in Yakima, Washington (d. 2023) [1]
  • 1937 Tony Yates, American college basketball point guard (National C’ship 1961, 62 Cincinnati Bearcats) and head coach (Cincinnati 1983-89), born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana (d. 2020)

American Baseball HOF pitcher (5 x MLB All Star; Cy Young winner 1972, 78; no-hitter 1968; SF Giants, Cleveland Indians, Texas Rangers, SD Padres), born in Williamston, North Carolina [1]

Gaylord Perry

  • 1938 Rafael Osuna, Mexican tennis player (US Nat C’ship 1963), born in Mexico City (d. 1969)
  • 1938 Sylvia Moy, American songwriter (“My Cherie Amour”; “This Old Heart Of Mine”; “It Takes Two”), born in Detroit, Michigan (d. 2017)
  • 1939 Breyten Breytenbach, South African poet and painter, born in Bonnievale, South Africa
  • 1939 Jim Kimsey, American co-founder of AOL, born in Washington, D.C. (d. 2016)
  • 1940 Merlin Olsen, American College-Pro Football HOF defensive tackle (Utah State Uni; First-team All-Pro 1966–70; 14 × Pro Bowl; Los Angeles Rams) and actor (Father Murphy), born in Logan, Utah (d. 2010)
  • 1940 Norman [Richard] Spinrad, American sci-fi author (Child of Fortune), born in New York City
  • 1941 Flórián Albert ‘the Emperor’, Hungarian footballer, born in Hercegszántó, Hungary (d. 2011)
  • 1941 Mirosław Hermaszewski, Polish Air Force officer, and cosmonaut (Soyuz 30), born in Lipniki, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, German-occupied Poland (d. 2022)
  • 1941 Signe Toly Anderson, American singer, founding member of Jefferson Airplane (“Chauffeur Blues”), born in Seattle, Washington (d. 2016)
  • 1941 Yuri Norstein, Russian animator (Hedgehog in the Fog), born in Andreyevka, Russia
  • 1942 Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, American sci-fi author (Hotel Transylvania), born in Berkeley, California

1942 Zimbabwean politician (President 2017-), born in Zvishavane, South Rhodesia

Emmerson Mnangagwa

  • 1942 Lee Dorman, American rock bassist (Iron Butterfly; Captain Beyond), born in St. Louis, Missouri (d. 2012)
  • 1944 Pik-Sen Lim [Lim Phaik Seng], Malaysian-British actress (Mind Your Language, Johnny English Reborn), born in Penang, British Malaya (d. 2025)
  • 1944 Sotirios Hatzigakis, Greek politician, born in Trikala, Greece
  • 1945 Carmen Maura, Spanish actress (Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown), born in Madrid, Spain

Jessye Norman

  • 1945 Ron Shelton, American film director (Bull Durham), born in Whittier, California
  • 1946 Alain Estève, French rugby union lock (20 Tests; French Rugby C’ship x 8 AS Béziers), born in Castelnaudary, France (d. 2023)
  • 1946 Fighting Mack [Edwin Alberto], Antillian welterweight boxer, born in Willemstad, Curacao
  • 1946 Howard Waldrop, American sci-fi author (The Ugly Chickens), born in Houston, Mississippi
  • 1946 Mike Procter, South African cricket all-rounder (7 Tests, 41 wickets, BB 6/73; Gloucestershire CCC, Natal, Western Province, Rhodesia, Orange Free State), born in Durban, South Africa (d. 2024)
  • 1946 Ola Brunkert, Swedish pop, rock and jazz drummer (ABBA), born in Örebro, Sweden (d. 2008)

1946 American Academy Award-winning screenwriter and film director (Wall Street; Born On The Fourth of July; Platoon; JFK), born in New York City

Oliver Stone

1946 American actor (Executioner’s Song, Bloody Monday, The Fugitive), born in San Saba, Texas

Tommy Lee Jones

  • 1948 Amalie Malling, Danish concert pianist, and educator (Royal Danish Academy of Music, 1981-present), born in Lübeck, Germany
  • 1948 Suzyn Waldman, American Sportscaster (baseball- NY Yankee), born in Newton, Massachusetts
  • 1949 Joe Barton, American politician (U.S. House of Representatives, 1985-2019), born in Waco, Texas
  • 1951 Johan Neeskens, Dutch soccer midfielder (49 caps; Ajax, Barcelona, NY Cosmos) and manager (FC Zug, NEC), born in Heemstede, Netherlands (d. 2024)
  • 1951 Pete Carroll, American football coach (Super Bowl XLVIII Seattle Seahawks; NY Jets, NE Patriots; 4 x Rose Bowl USC), born in San Francisco, California
  • 1952 Kelly Keagy, American rock drummer and vocalist (Night Ranger – “Sister Christian”), born in Eugene, Oregon
  • 1953 Pat Barrett, Canadian pop and doo-wop vocalist (Crew Cuts – “Sh-Boom”), born in Toronto, Ontario (d. 2016)
  • 1954 Adrian Adonis [Keith A. Franke Jr.], American professional wrestler, born in New York City (d. 1988)
  • 1954 Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist and newspaper editor (Agos), born in Malatya, Turkey (d. 2007)
  • 1954 John Hervey, 7th marquess of Bristol, English flamboyant peer who lost his fortune to drug addiction, born in Bury St Edmunds, England (d. 1999)

Pakistani cricket spin bowler (67 Tests; 236 wickets; best 9/56 1987), born in Lahore, Punjab

Abdul Qadir

  • 1955 Brendan O’Carroll, Irish stage and screen actor, comedian, director, producer and writer (Mrs. Brown’s Boys – “Agnes Brown”), born in Finglas, Dublin, Ireland
  • 1955 Mac Sweeney, American politician (Rep-R-TX, 1985-89), born in Wharton, Texas
  • 1955 Renzo Rosso, Italian clothing designer and (Diesel), born in Brugine, Italy
  • 1955 Željka Antunović, Croatian politician, 1st female Minister of Defence, born in Virovitica, Yugoslavia
  • 1956 George Howard, American smooth jazz saxophonist (Dream Ride), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1998)
  • 1956 Jaki Graham, British R&B singer-songwriter (“Could It Be I’m Falling In Love”), born in Birmingham, England
  • 1956 Maggie Reilly, Scottish folk singer, born in Moodiesburn, Scotland
  • 1956 Ned Rothenberg, composer and multi-instrumentalist, born in Boston, Massachusetts
  • 1956 Tawny Little (née Godin), American beauy queen (Miss American, 1976), news anchor, and actress, born in Portland, Maine
  • 1957 Fulton Allem, South African golfer (3 PGA Tour titles), born in Kroonstad, South Africa
  • 1957 Paweł Pawlikowski, Polish filmmaker (Cold War), born in Warsaw, Poland
  • 1958 Dr. Know [Gary Miller], American guitarist (Bad Brains), born in Washington, D. C.
  • 1958 Lesley Player, English lover of Sarah Ferguson’s father, born in Redhill, England
  • 1958 Wendie Jo Sperber, American actress (I Wanna Hold Your Hand; Bossom Buddies – “Amy”; Back to the Future), born in Hollywood, California (d. 2005)
  • 1960 Lisa Vanderpump, American restaurateur and reality star (Vanderpump Rules), born in London, England
  • 1960 Mitch Dorge, Canadian drummer and producer (Crash Test Dummies – “Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm”), born in Winnipeg, Manitoba
  • 1960 Scott Thompson Baker, American actor (Gen Hosp, All My Children), born in Minneapolis, Minnesota

1961 American College/Pro Football HOF quarterback (Uni of Pittsburgh; 9 x Pro Bowl; NFL MVP, NFL Offensive Player of the Year 1984; 3 x First Team All Pro; Miami Dolphins), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Dan Marino

  • 1962 Dina Lohan, American television personality, mother and manager of actress Lindsay Lohan, born in New York City
  • 1962 Earnest Byner, American NFL running back (Cleveland Browns) and coach, born in Milledgeville, Georgia
  • 1962 Rebecca Miller, American director and writer (The Ballad of Jack and Rose), born in Roxbury, Connecticut
  • 1964 Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein [Paul Caiafa], American musician, former guitarist for horror punk band The Misfits, born in Lodi, New Jersey
  • 1964 Róbert Fico, Slovak Prime minister (2006-10, 2012-18, 2023-), born in Topoľčany, Czechoslovakia
  • 1964 Ryoko Kikuchi, Japanese cosmonaut (Soyuz TM-11) and reporter, born in Zama City, Kanagawa, Japan
  • 1965 Fernanda Torres, Brazilian actress (I’m Still Here), born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 1966 Sherman Douglas ‘the General’, American NBA guard (NJ Nets), born in Washington D.C.
  • 1967 Jerry Dixon, American heavy metal bassist (Warrant – “Cherry Pie”), born in Pasadena, California
  • 1968 Danny Nucci, American actor (Gabriel Ortega-Falcon Crest), born in Klagenfurt, Austria
  • 1968 Rich Robertson, American pitcher (Minnesota Twins), born in Nacogdoches, Texas
  • 1969 DJ Kay Gee [Kier Gist], American musician (Naughty by Nature), born in East Orange, New Jersey
  • 1969 Jeffrey Schwarz, American documentary film director and producer, born in New York City
  • 1970 Ramya Krishnan, Indian actress (Padayappa), born in Madras, India

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Historical Events on September 15

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  • 608 Saint Boniface IV begins his reign as Catholic Pope
  • 668 Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy
  • 921 Saint Ludmila is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin
  • 1514 Thomas Wolsey appointed English Archbishop of York

Retirement of Charles V

1556 Charles V and Maria of Hungary return to Spain and retire to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura

  • 1584 San Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid finished
  • 1590 Giambattista Catagna elected as Pope Urban VII
  • 1600 Battle of Sekigahara, rise of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan
  • 1616 First non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy
  • 1619 Prince Bethlen Gabor’s troops occupy Pozsony (Pressburg) Hungary
  • 1621 Swedish troops occupy Riga

Pope Innocent X

1644 Giambattista Pamfili replaces Pope Urban VIII as Innocent X

  • 1655 The Peach War: Munsee attack Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, killing about 40 colonists, possibly in retaliation for the murder of a Munsee woman picking peaches
  • 1656 England & France sign peace treaty
  • 1683 Germantown in Pennsylvania is founded by 13 immigrant families
  • 1707 Ferenc Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania and Tsar Peter the Great sign social security agreement
  • 1733 King Frederik Willem I divides Prussia-Brandenburg in Cantons
  • 1762 Battle of Signal Hill, the last battle of the North American theatre of the Seven Years’ War
  • 1774 Cossack pretender to the Russian throne Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev captured
  • 1776 British forces capture Kip’s Bay, Manhattan, during Revolution
  • 1787 -16] Utrecht patriots flee to Amsterdam
  • 1789 US Department of Foreign Affairs, renamed Department of State
  • 1795 Dutch East India controlled Cape Colony (present day South Africa) surrenders to Britain

1812 Napoleon Bonaparte and his French army reach the Kremlin in Moscow, where they watch the flames of the Great Fire of Moscow spread and grow

  • 1820 Constitutionalist revolution in Lisbon, Portugal
  • 1821 Act of Independence of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua declare their independence from the Spanish Empire
  • 1830 First National Negro Convention begins in Philadelphia

First Railway Casualty

1830 William Huskisson becomes the first passenger killed by a railway train while attending the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at Parkside station in England

  • 1831 The locomotive “John Bull” operates for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy Railroad

Darwin in the Galapagos

1835 HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin on board, reaches the Galápagos Islands

  • 1846 Jung Bahadur Rana grabs power in Nepal
  • 1851 Saint Joseph’s University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • 1853 Antoinette Blackwell is the first US woman to be ordained a minister
  • 1857 Timothy Alder of NY patents a typesetting machine
  • 1862 Confederates conquer Union-weapon arsenal at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
  • 1870 Dutch 1st Chamber abolishes Capital punishment (20-18)
  • 1873 Last German troops leave France
  • 1879 Pim Mulier forms Royal Haarlemsche Football Club based in Haarlem, Netherlands; oldest existing club in Dutch football
  • 1882 British General Wolseley occupies Cairo
  • 1887 Philadelphia celebrates 100th anniversary of US Constitution
  • 1893 “Svoboda”, Ukrainian language weekly newspaper founded by Father Hryhorii Hrushka, in Jersey City, New Jersey; expands to daily in 1921, reverts to weekly in 1998
  • 1894 Japan defeats China in Battle of Ping Yang
  • 1898 National Afro-American Council forms in Rochester NY
  • 1900 A Boer delegation issues an appeal at the Hague, Netherlands, that the major powers intervene in the war in South Africa
  • 1902 Chicago Cubs infielders Tinker, Evers, & Chance turn their first double play together in a 6-3 win over Cincinnati
  • 1910 Boers & Afrikaners win 1st general elections in Union of South-Africa
  • 1912 Boston Red Sox pitcher “Smoky” Joe Wood ties then MLB record of 16 straight wins with a 2-1 victory over St. Louis Browns at Sportsman’s Park
  • 1912 War between Turkey & Montenegro breaks out in Albania
  • 1913 First US milch goat show held in Rochester, New York
  • 1914 First Battle of Aisne finishes, Germans vs. French & British during WWI
  • 1914 US Marines march out of Vera Cruz, Mexico
  • 1914 WWI: Battle of Aisne ends with Germans beating French forces in France

1916 First use of tanks in warfare, Britain’s Mark I “Little Willies” at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, part of the Battle of the Somme

  • 1917 Forbes Magazine founded by B. C. Forbes and Walter Drey in the US
  • 1917 Russia proclaimed a republic by Alexander Kerensky’s Provisional government

Alcohol Paraclitus

1921 Pope Benedict XV publishes encyclical Alcohol Paraclitus

  • 1921 WBZ-AM in Boston MA begins radio transmissions
  • 1922 Philadelphia catcher Butch Henline becomes first NLer to hit 3 HRs in a game since 1897 during Phillies’ 10-9 win over St. Louis Cardinals at the Baker Bowl
  • 1923 Governor Walton of Oklahoma declares state of siege because of Ku Klux Klan terror

Dictator Primo de Rivera

1923 Military officer Miguel Primo de Rivera becomes dictator and Prime Minister of Spain after launching a coup d’état

  • 1928 400 kg of François Fournier’s forged postage stamps are burned in Geneva, Switzerland, to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands

Discovery of Penicillin

1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin while sorting through petri dishes containing colonies of the bacteria Staphylococcus [1]

  • 1928 St. Louis Cardinals set NL record of 18 men left-on-base; still beat Phillies, 8-6 at the Baker Bowl, Philadelphia
  • 1928 Stothard, Kalmar & Ruby’s musical “Good Boy” premieres in NYC
  • 1930 First international bridge match is held in London; the US team defeats England
  • 1931 British naval fleet mutinies at Invergordon over pay cuts
  • 1931 Philadelphia A’s clinch pennant, beating Cleveland
  • 1935 Nuremberg Laws deprives German Jews of citizenship & makes swastika official symbol of Nazi Germany
  • 1937 Works Progress Administration (WPA) extends L-Taraval streetcar line to San Francisco Zoo, at Sloat Blvd (San Francisco, California)

Margaret Johnson’s Only Recording

1938 Jazz piano prodigy Margaret Johnson (20) makes her only recording, four sides with Billie Holiday in NYC: Johnson dies of tuberculosis less than a year later

  • 1938 John Cobb sets a world auto speed record at 350.2 mph (lasts one day)
  • 1938 MLB Pittsburgh Pirates outfielders Llod Waner and PAul Waner become first and only brothers hit back-to-back homeruns
  • 1940 3rd American Football League plays 1st game (Milw 14, Columbus 2)

1940 Battle of Britain Day: Royal Air Force repulses a major Luftwaffe attack, losing 29 aircraft to the Germans’ 57-61 as the tide begins to turn

  • 1940 Chicago Tribune sponsors Ted Lyons Day (White Sox pitcher)

Battle of Britain’s Fierest Day

1940 UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill visits Royal Air Force 11th Fighter Group on what would be the fiercest day of the Battle of Britain

  • 1941 Nazis kill 800 Jewish women at Shkudvil, Lithuania
  • 1942 US aircraft carrier Wasp torpedoed at Guadalcanal

Republican Fascist Party

1943 Benito Mussolini forms a rival anti-monarchist fascist government in Italy and soon returns to power as a German puppet state

  • 1943 Concentration Camp Kauwen in Lithuania opens
  • 1943 Concentration Camp Vaivara in Estonia opens
  • 1944 British bombers hit German battleship Tirpitz with Tallboy bombs
  • 1944 Soviet troops free Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 1944 US 1st Infantry division pushes through to Westwall
  • 1944 US 28th Infantry division occupies Hill 555 at Roscheid
  • 1944 US troops land on islands of Palau and Morotai, western Pacific
  • 1945 A hurricane in southern Florida and the Bahamas destroys 366 planes and 25 blimps at NAS Richmond
  • 1946 Dodgers beat Cubs 2-0 in 5 inns, games called because of gnats
  • 1947 First four-engined jet-propelled fighter plane tested, Columbus, Ohio
  • 1947 RCA releases the 12AX7 miniature dual triode vacuum tube; it is still in production
  • 1947 Typhoon Kathleen hit Tone River, Saitama and Tokyo area, killing at least 1,930 and injuring 1,750
  • 1947 Yanks clinch pennant #15
  • 1948 F-86 Sabre sets a world aircraft speed record of 1,080 km/h
  • 1948 WHN-AM in NY City changes call letters to WMGM
  • 1949 “Lone Ranger” premieres on ABC-TV. Hi-yo, Silver! Away!
  • 1949 WJAC TV channel 6 in Johnstown, PA (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
  • 1949 WJXT TV channel 4 in Jacksonville, FL (CBS) begins broadcasting
  • 1950 During Korean conflict, UN forces land at Inchon in South Korea
  • 1950 For a record 6th time, NY Yankees’ first baseman Johnny Mize hits 3 HRs in one game
  • 1950 In the longest game in Shibe Park in Philadelphia, Phillies beat Cincinnati Reds 8-7 in 19 innings
  • 1950 US troop land on Wolmi-Do island off of Seoul
  • 1951 Emile Zatopek runs world record 20k (1:01:15.8)

Ingruentium Malorum

1951 Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Ingruentium Malorum

  • 1952 UN turns over Eritrea to Ethiopia
  • 1953 Boxing’s NBA adopts 10-pt-must-scoring-system (10 pts to round winner)
  • 1953 KVOA TV channel 4 in Tucson, AZ (NBC) begins broadcasting
  • 1953 WVEC TV channel 13 in Hampton-Norfolk, VA (ABC) begins broadcasting
  • 1955 WCTV TV channel 6 in Tallahassee-Thomasville, Florida (CBS) begins
  • 1957 SF Seals (Pacific Coast League) play their last game
  • 1958 Commuter train crashes off an open drawbridge, killing 48 in Bayonne, New Jersey

Khrushchev Visits the United States

1959 Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev arrives in United States to begin a 13-day visit, the first state visit of a Soviet or Russian leader to the US

  • 1960 Maurice Richard announces his retirement. He finishes his career with 544 goals, an NHL record at the time.
  • 1962 Australia’s 1st entry in America’s Cup yacht race (US wins)
  • 1962 USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
  • 1962 WOKR TV channel 13 in Rochester, NY (ABC) begins broadcasting

1st President of Algeria

1963 Ahmed Ben Bella is elected as first president of the newly independent Algeria

  • 1963 Alou brothers – Felipe, Matty, & Jesús – appear in San Francisco Giants outfield for 1 inning in a 13-5 win over Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh
  • 1963 Church bombing in Birmingham Alabama, kills 4 African-American girls

The Great Prop Prom

1963 The Beatles headline The Great Prop Prom at Royal Albert Hall, London; The Rolling Stones are one of the opening acts [1]

  • 1963 WNTV TV channel 29 in Greenville, SC (PBS) begins broadcasting
  • 1964 Final edition of socialist British newspaper “Daily Herald”
  • 1964 The Beatles play at Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio; police stop show during third song as some of the crowd climbed on the stage, after a 10 minute delay, and warning audience to stay seated, the concert resumed with the.
  • 1965 US TV series “Lost in Space” premieres

Otis Blue

1965 Volt/Stax records releases Otis Redding‘s third studio album “Otis Blue – Otis Redding Sings Soul” in the US, Atlantic releases it in the UK; frequently ranked on top album lists

  • 1966 Dutch political party (D’66) forms
  • 1966 First British nuclear ballistic missile submarine HMS Resolution launched
  • 1966 Gemini XI (Conrad/Gordon) returns to Earth

LBJ Urges Gun Control

1966 U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to a sniper attack at the University of Texas at Austin, writes a letter to the United States Congress urging the enactment of gun control legislation.

  • 1967 KPOB TV channel 15 in Poplar Bluff, MO (ABC) begins broadcasting
  • 1968 “Barbra Streisand: A Happening in Central Park” premieres on CBS TV
  • 1968 Launch of Zond 5, 1st lunar fly-around with Earth reentry
  • 1968 NY Zendo (Shoboji) was opened by S Nakagawa & D S Harada
  • 1968 Probable Test flight for a manned fly-around (scooped by Apollo 8)
  • 1968 WUAB TV channel 43 in Lorain-Cleveland, Ohio (IND) begins broadcasting
  • 1968 WXON TV channel 20 in Detroit, MI (IND) begins broadcasting

Carlton Strikes Out 19

1969 MLB St. Louis Cardinals Steve Carlton sets record by striking out 19 NY Mets in a game

Crosby Sells 300 Million

1970 Decca awards Bing Crosby a second platinum disc for selling 300 million records

  • 1970 Officers of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Northern Ireland vote narrowly in favour of remaining unarmed
  • 1970 PLO leader Arafat threatens to make a cemetery of Jordan
  • 1970 Rotterdam dock strikes end
  • 1972 A magnitude 4.5 earthquake shakes Northern Illinois.
  • 1972 An SAS domestic flight from Gothenburg to Stockholm was hijacked and flown to Malmö-Bulltofta Airport.

Sometime in NYC

1972 Apple Records releases John Lennon and Yoko Ono‘s political album “Sometime in NYC” in UK, delayed by publishing rights dispute; includes some live tracks from 1971 concert with Frank Zappa

  • 1972 WMAO TV channel 23 in Greenwood, MS (PBS) begins broadcasting

King Carl Gustaf

1973 Carl XVI Gustaf ascends the throne, becoming King of Sweden (1973-present)

  • 1973 Dutch Guilder devalued by 5%
  • 1973 Ohio State’s Archie Griffith begins record 31 cons 100 yd rushing
  • 1973 OPEC supports price hikes and designates six Gulf countries to negotiate collectively with companies over prices; other members to negotiate individually

Secretariat Sets Record

1973 Secretariat wins the Marlboro Cup in a world record time of 1:45 2/5 for 1¼ miles

  • 1974 Air Vietnam flight 727 is hijacked, then crashes while attempting to land with 75 on board.
  • 1974 Market Square Arena in Indianapolis opens
  • 1975 Mike Vail extends hitting streak ton rookie-record 23 straight game
  • 1975 The French département of Corse (the entire island of Corsica) is divided into two: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
  • 1976 Ntozake Shange’s play “For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf” premieres in NYC
  • 1976 Soyuz 22 carries 2 cosmonauts into Earth orbit for 8 days
  • 1977 Orioles forfeit to Blue Jays when manager Earl Weaver pulls team off field in the 5th inning, citing hazardous conditions due to a small tarpaulin on the bullpen mound
  • 1977 TV LA drama “CHiPs” debuts on NBC in US
  • 1977 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site

Carter Meets Record Companies

1977 US President Jimmy Carter meets with 15 record company executives

  • 1978 Dodgers become the first major league team to draw 3 million fans
  • 1979 Red Sox Bob Watson is 1st to hit for cycle in AL & NL (Astros)
  • 1979 USSR performs nuclear test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan

Laborem Exercens

1981 Pope John Paul II publishes encyclical “Laborem exercens” (through work) against capitalism and Marxism

  • 1981 The John Bull becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, D.C.

1st Woman Supreme Court Justice

1981 US Senate Judiciary Committee unanimously approves Sandra Day O’Connor for the US Supreme Court

  • 1981 Vanuatu becomes a member of the United Nations.
  • 1982 First issue of “USA Today” published by Gannett Co Inc
  • 1982 Israeli forces began pouring into west Beirut
  • 1982 Pope John Paul II receives PLO leader Yasser Arafat
  • 1983 Frances Schreuder is convicted for the first-degree murder of Franklin Bradshaw
  • 1983 Police officers beat Michael Stewart to death for graffiting NYC subway
  • 1983 The first Costco store opens in Seattle, Washington
  • 1984 Morocco Showcase opens
  • 1984 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh, Semipalitinsk USSR
  • 1985 MLB New York Yankees trade 25-year-old pitching prospect Jim Deshaies to Houston Astros for 40-year-old pitcher Joe Niekro

Palme Forms Government

1985 Olof Palme forms Sweden minority government

  • 1986 1st broadcast of legal drama “L.A. Law” created by Steven Bochco, with ensemble cast including Corbin Bersen, Jill Eikenberry and Harry Hamlin on NBC
  • 1986 Bomb attack in Paris, 1 dead
  • 1987 Italy sends a naval contingent to the Persian Gulf
  • 1987 Pope John Paul II arrives in Los Angeles for a two-day papal visit, and addresses U.S. entertainment leaders
  • 1987 US Senate Judiciary Committee begins confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork
  • 1988 Lillehammer, Norway, upsets Anchorage to host 1994 Winter olympics
  • 1988 Museum of Moving Image in London opens
  • 1988 Test Cricket debut of Ian Healy, vs Pakistan at Karachi
  • 1989 The U.S. Congress recognizes American journalist Terry Anderson’s continued captivity in Beirut, Lebanon
  • 1990 Chicago White Sox Bobby Thigpen is 1st to record 50 saves
  • 1990 Florida Lottery goes over $100,000,000
  • 1990 France announce it will send 4,000 troops to Persian Gulf

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What Happened on September 15

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Major Events

  • 1616 First non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy
  • 1821 Act of Independence of Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua declare their independence from the Spanish Empire
  • 1835 HMS Beagle, with Charles Darwin on board, reaches the Galápagos Islands

More September 15 Events

Sep 15 in Film & TV

  • 1949 “Lone Ranger” premieres on ABC-TV. Hi-yo, Silver! Away!

Sep 15 in Music

  • 2005 “Be Without You” single is released by Mary J. Blige (Billboard Song of the Year 2006, Grammy Award for Best R&B Song, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance 2007)

Sep 15 in Sport

  • 1960 Maurice Richard announces his retirement. He finishes his career with 544 goals, an NHL record at the time.

Did You Know?

The John Bull becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world when the Smithsonian Institution operates it under its own power outside Washington, D.C.

September 15, 1981

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What if Your Refrigerator Was Twice As Efficient and Completely Silent?

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CHESS Thermoelectric Chip
Researchers at APL have developed new materials called CHESS that significantly improve the efficiency of thermoelectric cooling devices. Their breakthrough nearly doubles the performance of traditional materials at room temperature, leading to much better cooling systems and energy-saving technologies. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Ed Whitman

APL’s CHESS thin films nearly double refrigeration efficiency. The scalable materials could transform cooling and energy-harvesting technologies.

Scientists at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have created a new solid-state thermoelectric refrigeration system that is simple to manufacture and twice as efficient as devices built with standard bulk thermoelectric materials. As the global need for compact, reliable, and energy-efficient cooling technologies continues to rise, this development provides a promising alternative to conventional compressor-based refrigeration.

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers from APL, working with refrigeration engineers at Samsung Research, demonstrated significant improvements in heat-pumping efficiency and cooling capacity. These gains were made possible through high-performance nano-engineered thermoelectric materials developed at APL, known as controlled hierarchically engineered superlattice structures (CHESS).

The CHESS platform represents the culmination of a decade of APL research on advanced nano-engineered thermoelectrics and their applications. Originally designed for national security purposes, the material has since been adapted for other uses, including noninvasive cooling therapies for prosthetics, and was recognized with an R&D 100 award in 2023.

Close Up of CHESS Thermoelectric Device With Ice Formation
A close-up look at the testing and ice buildup on a CHESS-based thermoelectric device. This testing system helps evaluate how efficiently the new materials convert electricity into cooling, paving the way for more effective cooling and energy-harvesting technologies. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Ed Whitman

“This real-world demonstration of refrigeration using new thermoelectric materials showcases the capabilities of nano-engineered CHESS thin films,” said Rama Venkatasubramanian, principal investigator of the joint project and chief technologist for thermoelectrics at APL. “It marks a significant leap in cooling technology and sets the stage for translating advances in thermoelectric materials into practical, large-scale, energy-efficient refrigeration applications.”

A New Benchmark for Solid-State Cooling

The demand for smaller, more efficient cooling technologies is being driven by population growth, urban expansion, and the growing dependence on advanced electronics and large-scale data systems. Although traditional cooling methods are effective, they tend to be bulky, consume significant amounts of energy, and rely on chemical refrigerants that can damage the environment.

Thermoelectric refrigeration offers a promising alternative. This approach transfers heat using electrons within specialized semiconductor materials, eliminating the need for moving parts or chemical coolants. As a result, these systems can be made compact, quiet, reliable, and environmentally sustainable. While bulk thermoelectric materials are already used in small products such as mini-refrigerators, their low efficiency, limited heat-transfer capacity, and poor compatibility with semiconductor chip manufacturing have restricted their adoption in larger, high-performance applications.

Nathan Fairbanks, Jon Pierce and Rama Venkatasubramanian in the Lab
Nathan Fairbanks, Jon Pierce, and Rama Venkatasubramanian (from left to right) analyze thin films made in the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) lab. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Ed Whitman

In the study, researchers compared refrigeration modules using traditional bulk thermoelectric materials with those using CHESS thin-film materials in standardized refrigeration tests, measuring and comparing the electrical power needed to achieve various cooling levels in the same commercial refrigerator test systems. Samsung Research’s Life Solution Team, led by executive vice president Joonhyun Lee, collaborated with APL to validate the results through detailed thermal modeling, quantifying heat loads and thermal resistance parameters to ensure accurate performance evaluation under real-world conditions.

The results were striking: Using CHESS materials, the APL team achieved nearly 100% improvement in efficiency over traditional thermoelectric materials at room temperature (around 80 degrees Fahrenheit, or 25 C). They then translated these material-level gains into a near 75% improvement in efficiency at the device level in thermoelectric modules built with CHESS materials and a 70% improvement in efficiency in a fully integrated refrigeration system, each representing a significant improvement over state-of-the-art bulk thermoelectric devices. These tests were completed under conditions that involved significant amounts of heat pumping to replicate practical operation.

Built to Scale

Beyond improving efficiency, the CHESS thin-film technology uses remarkably less material — just 0.003 cubic centimeters, or about the size of a grain of sand, per refrigeration unit. This reduction in material means APL’s thermoelectric materials could be mass-produced using semiconductor chip production tools, driving cost efficiency and enabling widespread market adoption.

“This thin-film technology has the potential to grow from powering small-scale refrigeration systems to supporting large building HVAC applications, similar to the way that lithium-ion batteries have been scaled to power devices as small as mobile phones and as large as electric vehicles,” Venkatasubramanian said.

Jon Pierce
Jon Pierce, a senior research engineer at APL, examines a thin film grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, a method well known for its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to support large-volume manufacturing. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Craig Weiman

Additionally, the CHESS materials were created using a well-established process commonly used to manufacture high-efficiency solar cells that power satellites and commercial LED lights.

“We used metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) to produce the CHESS materials, a method well known for its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to support large-volume manufacturing,” said Jon Pierce, a senior research engineer who leads the MOCVD growth capability at APL. “MOCVD is already widely used commercially, making it ideal for scaling up CHESS thin-film thermoelectric materials production.”

Future applications and energy harvesting

These materials and devices continue to show promise for a broad range of energy harvesting and electronics applications, in addition to the recent advances in refrigeration. APL plans to continue to partner with organizations to refine the CHESS thermoelectric materials with a focus on boosting efficiency to approach that of conventional mechanical systems. Future efforts include demonstrating larger-scale refrigeration systems, including freezers, and integrating artificial intelligence-driven methods to optimize energy efficiency in compartmentalized or distributed cooling in refrigeration and HVAC equipment.

“Beyond refrigeration, CHESS materials are also able to convert temperature differences, like body heat, into usable power,” said Jeff Maranchi, Exploration Program Area manager in APL’s Research and Exploratory Development Mission Area. “In addition to advancing next-generation tactile systems, prosthetics and human-machine interfaces, this opens the door to scalable energy-harvesting technologies for applications ranging from computers to spacecraft — capabilities that weren’t feasible with older bulkier thermoelectric devices.”

“The success of this collaborative effort demonstrates that high-efficiency solid-state refrigeration is not only scientifically viable but manufacturable at scale,” said Susan Ehrlich, an APL technology commercialization manager. “We’re looking forward to continued research and technology transfer opportunities with companies as we work toward translating these innovations into practical, real-world applications.”

Reference: “Nano-engineered thin-film thermoelectric materials enable practical solid-state refrigeration” by Jake Ballard, Matthew Hubbard, Sung-Jin Jung, Vanessa Rojas, Richard Ung, Junwoo Suh, MinSoo Kim, Joonhyun Lee, Jonathan M. Pierce and Rama Venkatasubramanian, 21 May 2025, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59698-y

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Google’s Quantum AI Unlocks a Strange New Phase of Matter

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Quantum Computing Concept
Scientists have used a quantum computer to observe a never-before-seen phase of matter, opening the door to discoveries that reach beyond the limits of conventional physics. Credit: Stock

An exotic phase of matter has been realized on a quantum processor.

Matter can exist in different forms, or phases, such as liquid water or solid ice. These phases are usually understood under equilibrium conditions, where everything remains stable over time. However, nature also permits much stranger possibilities: phases that appear only when a system is pushed out of equilibrium. A new study published in Nature demonstrates that quantum computers provide a powerful new tool for investigating these unusual states of matter.

In contrast to ordinary phases, non-equilibrium quantum phases are defined by how they change and evolve over time, a type of behavior that cannot be explained by standard equilibrium thermodynamics. A particularly intriguing example arises in Floquet systems (quantum systems that are driven in regular, repeating cycles). This periodic driving can produce entirely new types of order that do not exist under equilibrium conditions, uncovering phenomena far beyond what conventional phases of matter allow.

Using a 58 superconducting qubit quantum processor, the team from the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Princeton University, and Google Quantum AI realized a Floquet topologically ordered state, a phase that had been theoretically proposed but never before observed. They directly imaged the characteristic directed motions at the edge and developed a novel interferometric algorithm to probe the system’s underlying topological properties. This allowed them to witness the dynamical “transmutation” of exotic particles – a hallmark that has been theoretically predicted for these exotic quantum states.

Quantum computer as a laboratory

“Highly entangled non-equilibrium phases are notoriously hard to simulate with classical computers,” said the first author Melissa Will, PhD student at the Physics Department of the TUM School of Natural Sciences. “Our results show that quantum processors are not just computational devices – they are powerful experimental platforms for discovering and probing entirely new states of matter.”

This work opens the door to a new era of quantum simulation, where quantum computers become laboratories for studying the vast and largely unexplored landscape of out-of-equilibrium quantum matter. The insights gained from these studies could have far-reaching implications, from understanding fundamental physics to designing next-generation quantum technologies.

Reference: “Probing non-equilibrium topological order on a quantum processor” by M. Will, T. A. Cochran, E. Rosenberg, B. Jobst, N. M. Eassa, P. Roushan, M. Knap, A. Gammon-Smith and F. Pollmann, 10 September 2025, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09456-3

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